Hargobind Gupta

Arkubin Gupta, and I started my career from 2014 onwards. I graduated in 2014, then I joined Accenture. I worked there for around one and a half years on an application called an invoice management application built on Python and Django. I worked there for one and a half years. After that, I ventured into gaming with the product ZaiBot. My school friends and I started this company in 2017. The company was basically to gamify or bring game developers, game owners, and users onto the same platform and incentivize them with an ERC 20 token. Back then, I knew about blockchain, and it was interesting. I got into the details of Ethereum and started this. Fast forward to today, I've been in the blockchain ecosystem for a while now. I've seen cycles in 2017, 2018. Mostly, I've been working in the Ethereum EVM chain ecosystem. I've done couple of POCs on Hyperledger Fabric and multiple other private blockchains like Quorum, Damel, R3 Corda, and whatnot. But most of my attention was on Solidity and the EVM chains. In my recent years, I've mainly focused on Solidity. My major roles have been in architect roles or senior developer roles focused on Solidity or CTO roles where I've been architecting the entire app and working on smart contracts. I've had teams working on front end and back end and integrations. Most of my experiences are in Solidity and architecting blockchain, researching new technologies, what's coming in and out in this space. Recently, I've also been learning more about LLMs and AI in this space. So, yeah, currently, I'm not feeling well, that's why I'm sounding like this. I've been sick for a while. Hopefully, I'll feel better this week. Yeah. Thanks.

To optimize gas usage in a Solidity function that handles array manipulation, first of all, storing data on the blockchain is gas extensive. So we should not store unless it's needed. And if it is an area, we should have different functions to read from that area and write onto that area. And instead of going through a loop to iterate or to find anything in that area, we should maintain a counter that links to that area somehow, like using indexes. So instead of iterating to that area and getting that number or pushing to that number, we should maintain an index counter, and that should optimize the gas cost.

Can we discuss alternative withdrawal of funds from a smart contract and its multiple benefits? Okay. So, I understand this is more of an airdrop contract. So I have worked on airdrop contracts wherein we can write functions to, for example, allow a single person or the owner of the contract to disperse funds. And this disperse function will basically call out ERC functions, such as ERC 20 transfer functions, to transfer funds to multiple beneficiaries. And, like, this will be individual transfers. There won't be bulk transfers, but the transfers will be individually done, but it will be called in a loop to the functions within the disperse function.

Can you elaborate in designing a liquidity pool smart contract for an associate? A critical smart contract and the associated calculations for implementing an automated market maker algorithm. Liquidity pools and smart contracts are essentially a pool. When providing liquidity for two tokens, token A and token B, the amount of token A should be equivalent to the amount of token B. In terms of dollar value, this is how major liquidity pools like Uniswap and Sosyswap work. They utilize an Automated Market Maker algorithm. The function to calculate how much the value of a token will increase in a swap is called the price function. Initially, when the liquidity pool is set up, you provide 50 percent of the dollar amount value of both tokens. When a swap starts, like when one token is withdrawn, the value of the other token will increase, and vice versa. This is how an AMM works. The underlying formula is a mathematical formula, but I won't be able to answer that exactly right now. However, I have worked on coding smart contracts of Humiswap, built the entire app on Polygon.

What factor would you consider when selecting a consensus mechanism from a private blockchain network? Okay, so first of all, the consensus mechanism should be non-centralized. The mechanism should be implemented in such a way that it is more decentralized across all nodes of a private blockchain network. Depending on the use case, whether there needs to be an approval mechanism or it is fully decentralized, we need to choose the consensus mechanism. And, there is a major problem which any consensus mechanism needs to solve, which is by general principle, the problem of achieving consensus. And, it is basically to solve a problem in such a way where, the consensus mechanism for a private blockchain network is concerned. For a private blockchain network like Hyperledger Fabric or Quorum, I don't think proof of work is required. Like, PBFT and proof of stake should be enough.

Right. So the React front end, how do you tell about React front end? So I don't have much experience on the front end side, but I know that we can use any JavaScript based technology with either Ethers.js or Web3.js to connect to smart contracts and integrate the contract and read transactions or read functions from the contract or events.

It's a snake for the smart contract. Even deposit and send an amount and deposit. The definition of event is correct. The event deposit interest sender and amount. Function make deposit public payable. There is no implementation of that. We are just emitting a deposit event saying that the message sender has deposited the message value, but we are not capturing that message value or using that. Right? So, I believe this is the mistake.

I'm not familiar with the specific function, so I won't be able to answer this question.

We're creating a decentralized voting system using smartphones, designed to minimize the risk of voter fraud and manipulation, which is cryptographically sound. So, we can create a smart contract to achieve this, and every vote can be cast as a signature. Suppose I create a vote for any proposal, like whether this proposal should be implemented or not. After creating the proposal, I have a threshold, for example, if I receive 10 votes, it should be implemented. In that case, the function to cast a vote should receive a message.sig, the signature from the message.sender, whoever is casting a vote. This signature will be saved in the backend, in an off-chain database, without incurring gas costs to the individual. We can use this information to validate whether the sender is actually the one who signed the message. This way, we can prevent the misuse of voting rights by proving that a voter has signed once or multiple times. Using the ERC-712 mechanism, which utilizes signatures, we can solve this problem.

Okay, so generally, I monitor the gas prices in either gas stations to get to know the current gas price, and then I calculate whether it's a good time to deploy a contract or not while going live for some of the projects. And for others, like if you're looking for something which is in the pending state, we can always query a mempool to get the current transaction details.

The process of developing a custom Ethereum token and the consideration of ensuring compliance with existing ERC standard. It was through the process of developing a custom Ethereum token. Okay. And the consideration for ensuring compliance with existing user-friendly standards. So I believe you're talking about ERC 20 standards and how to deploy them. So, generally, I use OpenZeppelin's contract to deploy ERC 20 standard tokens and to deploy custom Ethereum tokens. And so, basically, I'll inherit from the ERC 20 standards and then start making changes if there's any custom need for it.